Sources

• Fig. 1
  Trends in sustainability-related finance, 2015-20, Generation analysis of data from CB Insights; Bloomberg; BNEF; Reuters; FTSE Russell
• Fig. 2
  Required level of deployment of different technologies by 2030, index where 2019=100, for a 1.5°C pathway, McKinsey: "Climate math: What a 1.5-degree pathway would take"
• Fig. 3
  The 2030 emissions gap, Climate Action Tracker, May 2021 update.
• Fig. 4
  CO₂ emissions, change on pre-pandemic level, by country-income level, 2020-21, Le Quéré, Corinne, Glen P. Peters, Pierre Friedlingstein, Robbie M. Andrew, Josep G. Canadell, Steven J. Davis, Robert B. Jackson, and Matthew W. Jones. "Fossil CO₂ emissions in the post-COVID-19 era." Nature Climate Change 11, no. 3 (2021): 197-199.
• Fig. 5
  Net-zero targets as a share of global GDP, IMF World Economic Outlook, April 2021; ECIU Net Zero Tracker
• Fig. 6
  Focus companies* with medium-term (2026-35) GHG emissions target, 2020, Climate Action 100+: "2020 Progress Report"
• Fig. 7
  Red-list index (RLI) species diversity, 1993-2019, Our World in Data: "Red List Index, 2019"
• Fig. 8
  Investment volumes in natural solutions, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 9
  New protests, global, 2019-20, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: "Global protest tracker". The chart focuses on "significant protests": sizable street protests that express opposition to the national government as a whole or to its recent policies or actions.
• Fig. 10
  CO₂ emissions per person, global, by income level, 1960-2019, World Bank: "CO2 emissions: metric tons per capita"
• Fig. 11
  Share of board seats filled by directors who are Hispanic, Black, Asian-American, Pacific Islander or Native American, US companies, 2015-20, New York Times, 15th September 2020: "Diversity Push Barely Budges Corporate Boards to 12.5%, Survey Finds"
• Fig. 12
  Global ESG quarterly volumes, 2016-20, Forbes, 18th December 2020: "ESG Investing Came Of Age In 2020 - Millennials Will Continue To Drive It In 2021"
• Fig. 13
  Website greenwashing, Screening of websites for 'greenwashing': half of green claims lack evidence. European Commission
• Fig. 14
  Apparent over-crediting in California's carbon offset market, Badgley, Grayson, Jeremy Freeman, Joseph J. Hamman, Barbara Haya, Anna T. Trugman, William RL Anderegg, and Danny Cullenward. "Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program." bioRxiv (2021).

• Fig. 15
  World population in extreme poverty, 1820-2019, Our World in Data: "Global extreme poverty"
• Fig. 16
  Annual change in the number of extreme poor, 1992-2020, World Bank: "Updated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty: Looking back at 2020 and the outlook for 2021"
• Fig. 17
  Stimulus spending per person, by country-income group, 2021, Generation analysis of World Bank and IMF data
• Fig. 18
  Change in employment relative to pre-pandemic, by neighbourhood type, US, 2020-21, https://tracktherecovery.org/
• Fig. 19
  Climate-finance flows, global, 2012-19, Climate Policy Initiative: "Updated View on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019"
• Fig. 20
  Government spending as a share of GDP, US, 1960-2020, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Government Current Expenditures/Gross Domestic Product"
• Fig. 21
  Employment by sector, US, 1939-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Total Nonfarm Private Payroll Employment"

• Fig. 22
  Fiscal response to COVID-19, as a share of GDP, Fiscal Monitor Database of Country Fiscal Measures in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic - accessed June 01 2021, IMF
• Fig. 23
  Real disposable personal income per person, US, 2016-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Real Disposable Personal Income: Per Capita"
• Fig. 24
  Greenness of stimulus index, February 2021, Vivid Economics, "Greenness of stimulus index"
• Fig. 25
  Estimated job-years that could be created by efficiency-related stimulus announcements to date, by efficiency measure, IEA, "Energy efficiency jobs and the recovery"
• Fig. 26
  Mortgage deliquencies, auto delinquencies and the unemployment rate, America, during the Great Recession, FEDS Notes: "Why is the Default Rate So Low? How Economic Conditions and Public Policies Have Shaped Mortgage and Auto Delinquencies During the COVID-19 Pandemic"
• Fig. 27
  Mortgage deliquencies, auto delinquencies and the unemployment rate, America, during the COVID-19 recession, FEDS Notes: "Why is the Default Rate So Low? How Economic Conditions and Public Policies Have Shaped Mortgage and Auto Delinquencies During the COVID-19 Pandemic"
• Fig. 28
  Gross public debt to GDP, 2000-2025, IMF, "World Economic Outlook Database"
• Fig. 29
  Glassdoor scores for “culture and values“, US 2015-20, MIT Sloan Management Review, 28th October 2020, “How Companies Are Winning on Culture During COVID-19“
• Fig. 30
  US employee-engagement trend, 2000-2020, Gallup, "U.S. Employee Engagement Rises Following Wild 2020"
• Fig. 31
  Growth of diversity and inclusion employees, global, 2015-2020, LinkedIn, "Why the Head of Diversity is the Job of the Moment"
• Fig. 32
  Share of directors who are female, Russell 3000 companies, 2016-20, Equilar: "Q4 2020 Equilar Gender Diversity Index"
• Fig. 33
  Shareholder proposals to make corporate boardroom more diverse, US, 2011-20, Proxy Preview, "Diversity on the Board"
• Fig. 34
  Fortune 100 companies which disclosed diversity metrics, %, 2017-20, EY, "Four ESG highlights from the 2020 proxy season"
• Fig. 35
  Share of workforce that can work from home, by country type, 2021, Pérez, Sergio Torrejón, Marta Fana, Ignacio González-Vázquez, Enrique Fernández-Macías, Shinnosuke Kikuchi, Sagiri Kitao, Minamo Mikoshiba, Zsoka Koczan, and Alexander Plekhanov. "Working from home: Estimating the worldwide potential."

• Fig. 36
  ESG quarterly volumes, global, 2016-20, Forbes, 18th December 2020, "ESG Investing Came Of Age In 2020 - Millennials Will Continue To Drive It In 2021"
• Fig. 37
  Sustainable bond issuance, global, 2015-20, Climate Bonds Initiative, "Sustainable debt: Global state of the market"
• Fig. 38
  Share of global emissions covered by carbon-pricing, global, 1990-2021, World Bank, "Carbon Prices now Apply to Over a Fifth of Global Greenhouse Gases"
• Fig. 39
  Global carbon prices, selected countries/territories, 2021, World Bank, "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2021"
• Fig. 40
  S&P 500 energy-sector weight, 1989-2020, Wall Street Journal, August 25th 2020, "Exxon’s Departure From Dow Highlights Market’s Retreat From Energy Bets"
• Fig. 41
  Microsoft’s pathway to carbon negative by 2030, Microsoft, "Microsoft will be carbon negative by 2030"
• Fig. 42
  Shareholder votes on requiring climate-risk disclosures, 2016-20, Morningstar, "How Big Fund Families Voted on Climate Change: 2020 Edition"
• Fig. 43
  Climate Action 100+, net-zero company assessments, Climate Action 100+, "Climate Action 100+ issues its first-ever net zero company benchmark of the world’s largest corporate emitters"
• Fig. 44
  Investment in climate solutions, versus investment needed each year in a 1.5°C scenario ($bn), Climate Policy Initiative, "Updated view on the Global Landscape of Climate Finance 2019"
• Fig. 45
  Applying ESG considerations to smart beta strategy, by region, %, FTSE Russell, "Implementation and evaluation of ESG considerations"
• Fig. 46
  ESG ratings, select companies, by different raters, Adapted from Dimson, Elroy, Paul Marsh, and Mike Staunton. "Divergent ESG ratings." The Journal of Portfolio Management 47, no. 1 (2020): 75-87.

• Fig. 47
  Land and ocean temperature anomaly, global, 1850-2020, Berkeley Earth, "Global Temperature Report for 2020"
• Fig. 48
  Share of studies showing negative effects of pesticides, by taxa, 2021 estimate, Gunstone, Tari, Tara Cornelisse, Kendra Klein, Aditi Dubey, and Nathan Donley. "Pesticides and Soil Invertebrates: A Hazard Assessment." Frontiers in Environmental Science 9 (2021): 122.
• Fig. 49
  Global interest in “nature-based solutions“, 2010-2021, Google Trends
• Fig. 50
  Scientific articles about nature-based solutions, 2002-18, Dick, J., Carruthers-Jones, J., Carver, S. et al. How are nature-based solutions contributing to priority societal challenges surrounding human well-being in the United Kingdom: a systematic map. Environ Evid 9, 25 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13750-020-00208-6
• Fig. 51
  Number of entities using “regenerative agriculture“, global, 2005-19, HowGood
• Fig. 52
  Grower familiarity with regenerative agriculture, LEK, “Regenerative Agriculture Spreads Its Roots“
• Fig. 53
  Behavioural changes regarding food, US, 2020-21, Food Insight, "2021 Food & Health Survey"
• Fig. 54
  Investment in natural-solutions companies, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 55
  Carbon-sequestration potential from mangrove restoration, top five countries, 2020, Earth Security, "Financing the earth's assets: The case for mangroves as a nature-based climate solution"

• Fig. 56
  Prevalence of overweight, by country income group, 1990-2020, World Bank
• Fig. 57
  Anemia in women of reproductive age, global, 1990-2019, Our World in Data, "Micronutrient Deficiency"
• Fig. 58
  Behavioural changes due to income loss in 2020, US, foodinsight.org
• Fig. 59
  Global land use for agriculture across different diets, latest data, Our World in Data, "If the world adopted a plant-based diet we would reduce global agricultural land use from 4 to 1 billion hectares"
• Fig. 60
  Global greenhouse-gas emissions by economic sector, %, EPA, "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data"
• Fig. 61
  What are the drivers of tropical deforestation?, Our World in Data, "Cutting down forests: what are the drivers of deforestation?"
• Fig. 62
  Food and beverage deals and financing, global, 2017-21, CB Insights
• Fig. 63
  Investment in alternative proteins, global, 2010-20, Good Food Institute, "State of the Industry Report: Plant-Based Meat, Eggs, and Dairy"
• Fig. 64
  Annual growth in spending on food, organic and total, US, 2010-20, Fertoz, "The Organic Trade Association Report High Demand for Organic Foods in 2020"
• Fig. 65
  Growth of plant-based foods, US, 2020, Good Food Institute, "Plant-based food retail sales reach $7 billion"
• Fig. 66
  Sales growth of plant-based and animal-based meats, 2020, Good Food Institute, "U.S. plant-based meat sales growth accelerates despite Covid-19"
• Fig. 67
  Changes to eating and food preparation due to COVID-19, US, International Food Information Council, "2021 Food & Health Survey"
• Fig. 68
  Compound annual growth rate in beef production, 1971-2018, Generation analysis of FAO/OECD data

• Fig. 69
  Abatement potential of natural climate solutions by 2030, global, WEF/McKinsey, “Nature and net zero“
• Fig. 70
  Voluntary carbon credits retired by project type, 2010-20, WEF/McKinsey, "Nature and net zero"
• Fig. 71
  Share of studies on BECCS demonstrating negative effects, by type of impact, Oil Change International and Reclaim Finance, "NGFS scenarios: Guiding finance towards climate ambition or climate failure?"
• Fig. 72
  Investment volumes in natural solutions, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 73
  Media mentions of “bio-based” and similar terms, 2016-21, CB Insights
• Fig. 74
  Global production capacities of bioplastics, 2019-25, European Bioplastics, "Bioplastics market data"
• Fig. 75
  Overseas development aid funding for nature-based solutions for adaptation, 2012-18, World Resources Institute, "Public international funding of nature-based solutions for adaptation: a landscape assessment"
• Fig. 76
  Funding for nature-based adaptation, received by region, 2012-18, World Resources Institute, "Public international funding of nature-based solutions for adaptation: a landscape assessment"

• Fig. 77
  Emissions from developed fossil-fuel reserves, compared with carbon budgets within range of Paris goals, Oil Change International; Reclaim Finance, “NGFS scenarios: guiding finance towards climate ambition or climate failure?“
• Fig. 78
  Global-warming projections to 2100, Climate Action Tracker, "Climate summit momentum: Paris commitments improved warming estimate to 2.4°C"
• Fig. 79
  Clear steps to a 1.5°C world were set out by the IEA for the first time, IEA, "Net Zero by 2050"
• Fig. 80
  Cities with net-zero targets, NewClimate Institute; Data-Driven EnviroLab, "Navigating the nuances of net-zero targets"
• Fig. 81
  CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel and industrial purposes in China, 2014-21, Carbon Brief: "Analysis: China’s CO2 emissions surged 4% in second half of 2020"
• Fig. 82
  Change in emissions of CO₂, daily, global, 2020, Le Quéré, Corinne, Robert B. Jackson, Matthew W. Jones, Adam JP Smith, Sam Abernethy, Robbie M. Andrew, Anthony J. De-Gol et al. "Temporary reduction in daily global CO₂ emissions during the COVID-19 forced confinement." Nature Climate Change 10, no. 7 (2020): 647-653.
• Fig. 83
  Coal consumption, global, 1965-2019, BP, "Statistical Review of World Energy"
• Fig. 84
  Capacity of wind and solar energy, global, 2000-25, Carbon Brief, based on IEA data, ‘Exceptional new normal’: IEA raises growth forecast for wind and solar by another 25%
• Fig. 85
  Energy-supply capex, by type, global, 2010-21, Goldman Sachs: "Carbonomics: the green engine of global recovery"
• Fig. 86
  Early ‘take-off’ for clean hydrogen, Energy Transitions Commission, "Making the Hydrogen Economy Possible: Version 1.0 April 2021 Accelerating Clean Hydrogen in an Electrified Economy"
• Fig. 87
  Disposable income and energy use per person, US, 1960-2019, Generation analysis of World Bank and Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis data
• Fig. 88
  CO₂ emissions per person, selected countries, 1960-2020, World Bank, "CO2 emissions (metric tons per capita"

• Fig. 89
  Total installed cost of energy, by technology, 2010-20, IRENA, "Global LCOE and Auction values"
• Fig. 90
  Global primary energy consumption by source, 1800-2019, Our World in Data, "Global primary energy consumption by source", based on Vaclav Smil and BP Statistical Review of World Energy.
• Fig. 91
  Wind-power deployments, UK, 2001-25, Offshore Energy, November 17th 2020, "UK offshore sector needs collaboration to capitalize on renewable energy"
• Fig. 92
  CO₂ emissions, UK, 1850 to 2020, Caron Brief, "Analysis: UK is now halfway to meeting its ‘net-zero emissions’ target"
• Fig. 93
  Energy-transition investment, global, 2004-20, BNEF, "Energy Transition Investment Trends"
• Fig. 94
  Energy-storage market, capacity growth rate, Europe, 2015-21, Renewables Now, March 23rd 2021, "European energy storage to see strong growth in 2021"
• Fig. 95
  Research, development and design (RD&D) in energy storage, rich countries, 2000-19, Generation analysis of OECD and IEA data
• Fig. 96
  Share of low-carbon sources and coal in world electricity generation, 1971-2021, IEA, "Share of low-carbon sources and coal in world electricity generation, 1971-2021"
• Fig. 97
  Electricity production by type, EU, 2010-20, EU Power Sector in 2020, Ember and Agora Energiewende
• Fig. 98
  China's projected non-fossil power generation by source, 2015-2030, Carbon Brief, "Analysis: China’s new 2030 targets promise more low-carbon power than meets the eye"
• Fig. 99
  Wind-power additions, China, 2000-20, Bloomberg, 20th January 2021, "China blows past clean energy record with wind capacity jump"
• Fig. 100
  Industrial coal consumption, US, 2014-2020, EIA, "Current Issues & Trends"
• Fig. 101
  Electricity generation, US, by fuel type, 2010-20, Statista, "Distribution of electricity generation in the United States from 2007 to 2020, by fuel type"
• Fig. 102
  Coal-power additions and retirements, global, 2000-20, Global Energy Monitor coal plant tracker
• Fig. 103
  Coal phase-out timelines in European countries, Europe Beyond Coal: "Overview: National coal phase-out announcements in Europe"
• Fig. 104
  Coal consumption, Indonesia, 1965-2019, BP, "Statistical review of world energy"
• Fig. 105
  Demand for pure hydrogen, global, 1975-2020, IEA, "Global demand for pure hydrogen, 1975-2018"
• Fig. 106
  Research, development and design (RD&D) in hydrogen, rich world, 2004-19, Generation analysis of OECD and IEA data

• Fig. 107
  Population without access to electricity in Africa, 2000-2020, IEA, "Population without access to electricity in Africa, 2000-2020"
• Fig. 108
  Households with air-conditioning units, latest data, IEA, "Percentage of households equiped with AC in selected countries, 2018"
• Fig. 109
  Global air-conditioner stock, 1990-2050, IEA, "The future of cooling"
• Fig. 110
  Access to electricity (% of population), 2000-19, World Bank, "Access to electricity (% of population)"
• Fig. 111
  Share of total expenditure devoted to gasoline and energy, US, 1929-2020, Generation analysis of BEA data
• Fig. 112
  Share of people with access to clean cooking fuel, global, 2000-20, Generation analysis of IEA, "Report extract Access to clean cooking"
• Fig. 113
  Death rate from indoor air pollution, 1990-2020, Our World in Data, "Indoor air pollution"
• Fig. 114
  Capital flows to off-grid solar, 2012-20, GOGLA, "2020: Off-grid solar investment remains robust during COVID-19 pandemic"
• Fig. 115
  Corporate investment into off-grid energy access companies, pre-2010-2019, Wood Mackenzie; Energy 4 Impact, "Strategic investments in off-grid energy access"
• Fig. 116
  Africa’s current and predicted energy mix, 2019 and 2030, Alova, Galina, Philipp A. Trotter, and Alex Money. "A machine-learning approach to predicting Africa’s electricity mix based on planned power plants and their chances of success." Nature Energy 6, no. 2 (2021): 158-166.
• Fig. 117
  Energy investments, Belt and Road Initiative, 2014-20 (first half only), Green BRI Centre, "Brief: Investments in the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic"

• Fig. 118
  Risk ratios for mortality, pandemic time vs non-pandemic time, California, Chen, Yea-Hung, Maria Glymour, Alicia Riley, John Balmes, Kate Duchowny, Robert Harrison, Ellicott Matthay, Kirsten Bibbins-DomingoChen et al., Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18–65 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through October 2020
• Fig. 119
  Average life expectancy at age 25, US, women, by race, 1990-2018, Anne Case and Angus Deaton, "Life expectancy in adulthood is falling for those without a BA degrees, but as education gaps have widened, racial gaps have narrowed", PNAS, 2021.
• Fig. 120
  Health spending relative to GDP, global, by country-income level, 2000-2018, World Bank, "Current health expenditures (% of GDP)"
• Fig. 121
  Reports of postponing medical care due to costs, US, 2001-19, Gallup, "More Americans delaying medical treatment due to cost
• Fig. 122
  Life expectancy at birth, selected countries, 1960-2019, World Bank, "Life expectancy at birth"
• Fig. 123
  Change in life expectancy at birth, years, US, 2019-20, NPR, "American Life Expectancy Dropped By A Full Year In 1st Half Of 2020"
• Fig. 124
  Earnings calls mentions of telehealth, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 125
  Mental-wellness app sessions, global, 2017-20, Apptopia, "Calm records 120% more app sessions than Headspace during quarantine"
• Fig. 126
  Reduction in efficacy of different vaccines against COVID-19 variants, Covid Data Review
• Fig. 127
  COVID-19 vaccine doses administered per 100 people, 30 June 2021, Our World in Data

• Fig. 128
  Prevalence of moderate to severe symptoms of mental illness, Great Britain, 2019-2020, Office for National Statistics, "Coronavirus and depression in adults, Great Britain: June 2020"
• Fig. 129
  Prevalence of symptoms of mental illness as a result of the pandemic, global, 2020, IPSOS Mori, "The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on workers' lives"
• Fig. 130
  American adults reporting symptoms of anxiety disorder and/or depressive disorder, 2019-2021, Kaiser Family Foundation, "The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use"
• Fig. 131
  Learners impacted by national school closure, 2020, UNESCO, "Education: From disruption to recovery"
• Fig. 132
  Suicide rate, Queensland, 2015-20, Leske, Stuart, Kairi Kõlves, David Crompton, Ella Arensman, and Diego De Leo. "Real-time suicide mortality data from police reports in Queensland, Australia, during the COVID-19 pandemic: an interrupted time-series analysis." The Lancet Psychiatry 8, no. 1 (2021): 58-63.
• Fig. 133
  Percentage of people affected by depression with various illnesses, UK, NHS, "A call to action: achieving parity of esteem: transformative ideas for commissioners"
• Fig. 134
  Mental and physical health, contribution to morbidity and expenditure, UK, NHS
• Fig. 135
  Mental-health expenditure (as share of total health expenditure) and gross national income, WHO, "Mental Health Atlas 2017"
• Fig. 136
  “What would you say is the single-biggest health issue facing the nation?“, US, 2012-20, Research America ,“The impact on mental health during a pandemic“
• Fig. 137
  Mental-health funding and deal count, Q4'17-Q3'20, CB Insights, "State Of Healthcare Q3’20 Report: Sector And Investment Trends To Watch"
• Fig. 138
  Top focus areas for employee wellbeing, 2021, Wellbeing 360, "2021 Employee Wellbeing Survey – Employer Healthcare Strategies For Better Workplace Wellness"
• Fig. 139
  Programmes employers have in place to improve employee wellbeing, HR Executive, "How employers are rethinking employee wellbeing"

• Fig. 140
  Number of countries using vaccine, by type of vaccine, March 2021, BBC, 11th June 2021, "Covax: How many Covid vaccines have the US and the other G7 countries pledged?"
• Fig. 141
  Number of mRNA vaccine programmes, as of December 2020, PharmaIntelligence, "To infinity and beyond: how far can mRNA vaccine technology go?"
• Fig. 142
  mRNA clinical trials are trending up., clinicaltrials.gov
• Fig. 143
  ALPS Medical Breakthroughs ETF price, 2020-21, ETF Trends
• Fig. 144
  Reported and estimated polio cases, globally, 1980-2020, Our World in Data, "Polio"
• Fig. 145
  Median free-modelling accuracy, 2006-20, Deepmind, "AlphaFold: a solution to a 50-year-old grand challenge in biology"
• Fig. 146
  Patent filings relating to “liquid biopsy“, global, 2000-21, Generation analysis of Google Patents
• Fig. 147
  Monthly news mentions, direct-to-consumer health, 2015-19, CB Insights, "9 Direct-To-Consumer Telehealth Startups To Watch"
• Fig. 148
  Personalised medicines as share of total FDA approvals, 2015-20, Personalized Medicine Coalition, "Personalized Medicines Top One-Third of All New Drug Approvals in 2020 for Third Time in Last Four Years"

• Fig. 149
  Share of population living in cities, by country-income level, 1960-2019, Generation analysis of World Bank data
• Fig. 150
  Footfall in cities, global, 2020, FT, 15th October 2020, "From peak city to ghost town: the urban centres hit hardest by Covid-19"
• Fig. 151
  Job postings, Paris, 2020-21, Indeed, "After the Boom? COVID-19 and European City Labour Markets"
• Fig. 152
  Public company transcripts mentioning working from home, 2009-20, Vox, "How coronavirus could force the work-from-home movement"
• Fig. 153
  Visits to parks, America, 2020-21, Generation analysis of Google/Our World in Data data
• Fig. 154
  Rental index for 12 largest metro areas, by density group, 2019-20, Arjun Ramani and Nicholas Bloom, "The doughnut effect of COVID-19 on cities"
• Fig. 155
  Changes to time spent at home, selected countries, 2020, IEA, "Changes to average time spent at home over selected countries, Feb-Oct 2020"
• Fig. 156
  Transport use, New York, 2020, FT, 16th November 2020, "New York and the crisis in mass transit systems"
• Fig. 157
  Transport usage, by type, Britain, 2020-21, Department for Transport, "Transport use during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic"
• Fig. 158
  NO₂ concentrations and mortality from COVID-19, Italian and Spanish regions, 2020, Ogen, Yaron. "Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality." Science of the Total Environment 726 (2020): 138605.
• Fig. 159
  Annual reductions in negative health outcomes from 100% medium- and heavy-duty ZEV sales by 2040, US, EDF, "Clean Cars, Clean Air, Consumer Savings"

• Fig. 160
  How long does it take to walk/cycle to essential amenities?, Arup, "The fifteen minute vision: Future proofing our cities"
• Fig. 161
  New cycling and liveable-streets projects, Europe, 2020-21, ECF, "COVID-19 Cycling Measures Tracker"
• Fig. 162
  Walkability score and price indices, 2000-21, wealthmanagement.com, "Investors Have Backed Away from “Walkability” in Making Multifamily Plays"
• Fig. 163
  Change in global final energy consumption by fuel in the “home-working” scenario, IEA, "Change in global final energy consumption by fuel and CO2 emissions in the “home-working” scenario"
• Fig. 164
  Relationship between population density and transport emissions, global cities, latest available data, Our World in Data, "Transport CO₂ emissions vs. population density of cities"
• Fig. 165
  Global energy-related CO₂ emissions by sector, Architecture 2030, "Buildings generate nearly 40% of annual global GHG emissions"
• Fig. 166
  Annual rate of building renovation, Europe, different scenarios, BPIE, "The road to carbon neutrality"
• Fig. 167
  UK heatpump installation rates needed to meet net-zero goals, Climate Change Committee, "Development of trajectories for residential heat decarbonisation to inform the Sixth Carbon Budget (Element Energy)"
• Fig. 168
  Public and private investment in buildings, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 169
  Net-zero buildings, US and Canada, 2012-20, New Buildings Institute, “2020 Getting to Zero Buildings List“
• Fig. 170
  Real research, design and development (RD&D) spending on building design and envelope in the OECD, 2010-19, Generation analysis of OECD/IEA data

• Fig. 171
  Stock of electric vehicles, global, 2010-20, IEA, "Global electric passenger car stock, 2010-2020"
• Fig. 172
  Availability of electric-car models*, Europe, Statista, "Electric Car Models Set To Triple In Europe By 2021"
• Fig. 173
  EV share of annual vehicle sales by segment, 2020-40, BNEF, "Electric Vehicle Outlook 2020"
• Fig. 174
  Sales of plug-in electric vehicles, 2018-20, EV Volumes data
• Fig. 175
  Global plugin vehicle leaders, H1 2020, CleanTechnica, "Global plugin vehicle leaders"
• Fig. 176
  Number of vehicle-charging stations, global, 2011-20, Business Wire, "Global EV Charging Stations to Skyrocket by 2020, IHS Report Says"
• Fig. 177
  Volume-weighted average pack and cell price split (2020$/kWh), 2013-20, Phillip CFD
• Fig. 178
  Total vehicle cost comparison, global, 2019-35, Roskill, "Automotive: Increasing CO2 compliance cost could help some auto OEMs reach BEV-ICE price parity by 2023"
• Fig. 179
  Investments in electrified transport, global, 2016-20, Bllomberg, 19th January 2021, "Spending on Global Energy Transition Hits Record $500 Billion"
• Fig. 180
  Electrically propelled aviation developments, 2009-19, Roland Berger, "The number of electrically propelled aircraft developments grew by ~30% in 2019"

• Fig. 181
  Value of global exports, 1948-2020, World Trade Organisation, "Trade and tariff data"
• Fig. 182
  PMI cost indices (>50 = expansion), various regions, 2009-20, Merril, "Global economic viewpoint"
• Fig. 183
  Inventory-to-sales ratio, US retailers, 1992-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Retailers: Inventories to Sales Ratio"
• Fig. 184
  Global price of copper, 1990-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Global price of copper"
• Fig. 185
  Global price of nickel, 2016-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Global price of nickel"
• Fig. 186
  Growth in demand for minerals under SDS, 2040 relative to 2020, IEA, "The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions"
• Fig. 187
  “Did you make the following behavioural changes during the pandemic?“, %, McKinsey, "Survey: Consumer sentiment on sustainability in fashion"
• Fig. 188
  Survey respondents who consider environmental impact of products more because of COVID-19, by generation, GlobalData, "Carbon-neutral snack foods will appeal to post-pandemic consumers, says GlobalData"
• Fig. 189
  Search interest for "sustainability", global, 2005-21, Generation analysis of Google Trends data
• Fig. 190
  Online retail sales, US, 2000-20, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "E-Commerce Retail Sales"
• Fig. 191
  Websites with misleading claims on the environment, 2020, European Commission, "Screening of websites for ‘greenwashing': half of green claims lack evidence"
• Fig. 192
  The plastic waste makers index, Minderoo Foundation

• Fig. 193
  Private investment into sustainable value chains and circular economy, 2016-20, Generation analysis of CB Insights data
• Fig. 194
  Mentions of “resilience“ in earnings calls, 2016-20, CB Insights, “Chief Prepper Officer: Building Corporate Resilience In 2021“
• Fig. 195
  Deforestation-related commitments in commodity supply chains, 2012-20, New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF), "Eliminating deforestation from agricultural commodities"
• Fig. 196
  Corporate purchase-power agreements, global, 2010-2020, BNEF, "Corporate Clean Energy Buying Grew 18% in 2020, Despite Mountain of Adversity"
• Fig. 197
  Import-to-output ratio, US, 2008-19, Colliers, "Back to the Shores | Reshoring and Onshoring"

• Fig. 198
  Circular economy policies, Chatham House, circulareconomy.earth
• Fig. 199
  Gross value added of circular-economy sectors, Europe, 2011-19, Generation analysis of Eurostat data
• Fig. 200
  Circular material use rate, EU, 2004-19, Generation analysis of Eurostat data
• Fig. 201
  Increase in online shopping/takeout during pandemic, World Economic Forum, “Plastics in a time of COVID-19 pandemic: protector or polluter?“
• Fig. 202
  Search interest for “plastic container“, global, 2004-20, Generation analysis of Google Trends
• Fig. 203
  The fate of plastic waste, US, 1960-2018, ScienceNews, 27th January 2021, "Chemists are reimagining recycling to keep plastics out of landfills"
• Fig. 204
  Plastic prices, US, 1977-2021, Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, "Producer Price Index by Industry: Plastics Material and Resins Manufacturing"
• Fig. 205
  Number of outstanding bonds with a circular-economy focus, 2018-20, Ellen Macarthur Foundation, "Financing the circular economy"
• Fig. 206
  Number of private-market funds with a circular-economy focus, 2016-20, Ellen Macarthur Foundation, "Financing the circular economy"
• Fig. 207
  Market size estimates for resale sector, thredUP, "2021 Resale Report"
• Fig. 208
  Market value of fashion product types, US, 2009-29, thredUP, "2020 Resale Report"
• Fig. 209
  Global search interest in "used goods", 2005-21, Generation analysis of Google Trends
• Fig. 210
  Battery demand for electric vehicles, 2012-19, World Economic Forum